في التركية.. بــَدءاً بألفبائها Turkish Through it’s Alphabet.
إشارةً الى كتابي *(*نحو تواصل عربي تركي*)*، فإني أركـّزُ هنا على مجمل الألفبائية التركية، مبيناً مقوماتها و خصائصها؛ و منبهاُ عن بعض سبل تحاشي الوقوع في خطلٍ أثناء التعامل معها؛ و ذلك بخاصة حين ملاقاة أشكالِ بعض حروفها التي تشتبه و تتشابه في المبنى من ناحية، و حيث يتغير بها المعنى.
هذه الالفبائية ذات الـ٢٩ حرفاً، ٢١ حرفاً ساكناً و ٨ متحركة، تزيد عن الـ٢٨ في العربية.. و الـ٢٦ في الانگليزية.. و لو انها لا تحوي ثلاثة من الأخيرة: Q, W, X.
لكنها تضيف حروفاً تمثـِّل الـ Ç: Ch؛ والـŞ: Sh؛ الـĞ :Gh.
و ثمة حروف متحركة يلزمها التدريب و المراس: Ö, Ü.
كما و يحسن التفريق بين الـ .(i) و هي كمثلها في الإنگليزية في: إبراهيم و اسطنبول: İbrahim و İstanbul ..
و الحرف الساكن Ç يمثل (چ/Ch؛
و حرف Ş يمثلُ SH؛ و Ğ يمثل غ/Gh.
لكن حذاري في نطق نصف الحروف المتحركة: فمثلاً الـ (ı) غير المنقوطة، كما في Hanım هانم؛ فالنون هنا يلزمـُها الرفع بما يشبهُ الضمة (وليس كما يكسرها إخوانُنا بمصر: ستي هانِم؛ بل هي ستي (هانــُم)، و بما يقرّبـُها لأصلها الفارسي: خانوم.
لكن الخطورة تنبري في التفريق بين: Õ/0، و Ū/U. فمثلاً:
Goz تعني الجوز/القعقع؛ بينما Göz تعني العين!
و تصل لمستوى ما فوق.الخطورة إن خلـَطنا بين
Olsun و Ōlsūn
؛ فالأولي تعبـّر عن (طيّبِ التمني)،
بينما الثانية -سلامتكم- تعبـِّر عن الموت!
The TÜRKİ̇SH ALPHABET.
(From my book, *Toward Arab-Turk Dialog’*) By: Dr. ibrahim Abbas NATTO
Since and shortly after the embark of the Ataturk era, and after the switch from the Arabic Alphabet to the Europeanized version around 1923, the Turkish alphabet was formed of 29 letters, as follows:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. Ç
5. D
6. E
7. F
8. G
9. Ğ
10. H
11. I
12. i
13. J
14. K
15. L
16. M
17. N
18. O
19. Ö
20. P
21. R
22. S
23. Ş
24. T
25. U
26. Ū
27. V
28. Y
29. Z
As shown here, the Turkish Alphabet, with a total of 29 letters, exceeds that of English by 3 letters (26 letters), and that of Arabic by 1 letter: (28 letters).
Turkish Alphabet’s 29 letters
consists of 21 Consonants:
(B, C, Ç, D, F, G, Ğ, H, J, K,
L, M, N, P, R, S, Ş, T, V, Y,
Z);
and 8 Vowels: (A, E, I, i, O, Ö, U, Ū.).
And, as shown here, the
Turkish alphabet does not have the letters: Q, W, X.
On the other hand, modern Turkish alphabet has letters with specific diacritical marks that denote certain sounds that are important in Turkish. This includes three consonants: Ç; Ğ; Ş; and: three to four vowels: I/i, Ô; Ü.
Curiously, the vowel (i) with the dot comes out as quite different from the vowel (I) without a dot on it. The first sounds like a deep ee, and is used in words like iSTANBUL
(i) And iBRAHIM! While the I (I without a dot is quite different and comes out between o & u).
A typical and clear example of using the letter (I) is that of Hanım. Here, the second syllable of hanım does NOT rhyme with him; rather, it is closer to -hum: hanum هانــُم from the Persian *khanum*.
As for the consonant letter C (which sounds normally like ‘see’ in English, but in Turkish it sounds like the English letter (J). Examples: Cemhuriyyet (Jamhurriyet= Republic); Cavahir/جواهر Jawahir= jewels: ‘Camal’ represents Jamaal: Cami/Jami= mosque; Calal= Jalaal; Cihaz/Jihaaz= Equipment; Cannet/Jannat)= Paradise.
On the other hand, the letter (J) exists in Turkish (but with a slight and significant difference, as in (enerji)= energy, but is vocalized as in the French (Zhi): ‘Je’ suis (which is not the (J) in the English ‘jam’)
Meanwhile, there is the Turkish Ç (which looks like the English letter C but with a ‘cedilla’ diacritical mark underneath it and represents a CH sound, as in: Çokolat, Chocolate; Çai: Chai (tea); Çiçek (Chichek)= flower; Çorba: Chorba/Soup;
Çaverme (The barbeque) Shawerma; and Keçep: Ketchup.
Turkish VOWELS pose a sure difficulty for Arab speakers. First, they are eight in number versus the basic Arabic vowels of three.
More seriously, pronouncing 7 out of these 8 vowels presents a challenge for the typical Arab speaker! And causes a world of difference in terms of meaning:-
GÖL: lake, but GOL: arm; GOZ: eye, but GOZ: walnut; ÜÇ: 3, but UC: flying.
And, becomes a matter of life and death, as in Olsun (=‘may it be’), as in Afiyet olsun: Bon Apetit: بالهناء
!و العافية.
But when the same two vowels of (Olsun) come with the diacritical marks, (Ölsün), the word will connote *death*!!
هذه الالفبائية ذات الـ٢٩ حرفاً، ٢١ حرفاً ساكناً و ٨ متحركة، تزيد عن الـ٢٨ في العربية.. و الـ٢٦ في الانگليزية.. و لو انها لا تحوي ثلاثة من الأخيرة: Q, W, X.
لكنها تضيف حروفاً تمثـِّل الـ Ç: Ch؛ والـŞ: Sh؛ الـĞ :Gh.
و ثمة حروف متحركة يلزمها التدريب و المراس: Ö, Ü.
كما و يحسن التفريق بين الـ .(i) و هي كمثلها في الإنگليزية في: إبراهيم و اسطنبول: İbrahim و İstanbul ..
و الحرف الساكن Ç يمثل (چ/Ch؛
و حرف Ş يمثلُ SH؛ و Ğ يمثل غ/Gh.
لكن حذاري في نطق نصف الحروف المتحركة: فمثلاً الـ (ı) غير المنقوطة، كما في Hanım هانم؛ فالنون هنا يلزمـُها الرفع بما يشبهُ الضمة (وليس كما يكسرها إخوانُنا بمصر: ستي هانِم؛ بل هي ستي (هانــُم)، و بما يقرّبـُها لأصلها الفارسي: خانوم.
لكن الخطورة تنبري في التفريق بين: Õ/0، و Ū/U. فمثلاً:
Goz تعني الجوز/القعقع؛ بينما Göz تعني العين!
و تصل لمستوى ما فوق.الخطورة إن خلـَطنا بين
Olsun و Ōlsūn
؛ فالأولي تعبـّر عن (طيّبِ التمني)،
بينما الثانية -سلامتكم- تعبـِّر عن الموت!
The TÜRKİ̇SH ALPHABET.
(From my book, *Toward Arab-Turk Dialog’*) By: Dr. ibrahim Abbas NATTO
Since and shortly after the embark of the Ataturk era, and after the switch from the Arabic Alphabet to the Europeanized version around 1923, the Turkish alphabet was formed of 29 letters, as follows:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. Ç
5. D
6. E
7. F
8. G
9. Ğ
10. H
11. I
12. i
13. J
14. K
15. L
16. M
17. N
18. O
19. Ö
20. P
21. R
22. S
23. Ş
24. T
25. U
26. Ū
27. V
28. Y
29. Z
As shown here, the Turkish Alphabet, with a total of 29 letters, exceeds that of English by 3 letters (26 letters), and that of Arabic by 1 letter: (28 letters).
Turkish Alphabet’s 29 letters
consists of 21 Consonants:
(B, C, Ç, D, F, G, Ğ, H, J, K,
L, M, N, P, R, S, Ş, T, V, Y,
Z);
and 8 Vowels: (A, E, I, i, O, Ö, U, Ū.).
And, as shown here, the
Turkish alphabet does not have the letters: Q, W, X.
On the other hand, modern Turkish alphabet has letters with specific diacritical marks that denote certain sounds that are important in Turkish. This includes three consonants: Ç; Ğ; Ş; and: three to four vowels: I/i, Ô; Ü.
Curiously, the vowel (i) with the dot comes out as quite different from the vowel (I) without a dot on it. The first sounds like a deep ee, and is used in words like iSTANBUL
(i) And iBRAHIM! While the I (I without a dot is quite different and comes out between o & u).
A typical and clear example of using the letter (I) is that of Hanım. Here, the second syllable of hanım does NOT rhyme with him; rather, it is closer to -hum: hanum هانــُم from the Persian *khanum*.
As for the consonant letter C (which sounds normally like ‘see’ in English, but in Turkish it sounds like the English letter (J). Examples: Cemhuriyyet (Jamhurriyet= Republic); Cavahir/جواهر Jawahir= jewels: ‘Camal’ represents Jamaal: Cami/Jami= mosque; Calal= Jalaal; Cihaz/Jihaaz= Equipment; Cannet/Jannat)= Paradise.
On the other hand, the letter (J) exists in Turkish (but with a slight and significant difference, as in (enerji)= energy, but is vocalized as in the French (Zhi): ‘Je’ suis (which is not the (J) in the English ‘jam’)
Meanwhile, there is the Turkish Ç (which looks like the English letter C but with a ‘cedilla’ diacritical mark underneath it and represents a CH sound, as in: Çokolat, Chocolate; Çai: Chai (tea); Çiçek (Chichek)= flower; Çorba: Chorba/Soup;
Çaverme (The barbeque) Shawerma; and Keçep: Ketchup.
Turkish VOWELS pose a sure difficulty for Arab speakers. First, they are eight in number versus the basic Arabic vowels of three.
More seriously, pronouncing 7 out of these 8 vowels presents a challenge for the typical Arab speaker! And causes a world of difference in terms of meaning:-
GÖL: lake, but GOL: arm; GOZ: eye, but GOZ: walnut; ÜÇ: 3, but UC: flying.
And, becomes a matter of life and death, as in Olsun (=‘may it be’), as in Afiyet olsun: Bon Apetit: بالهناء
!و العافية.
But when the same two vowels of (Olsun) come with the diacritical marks, (Ölsün), the word will connote *death*!!